Online:
- I B Cohen, Biography in Dictionary of Scientific Biography (New York 1970-1990). http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1G2-2830903155.html
- Biography in Encyclopaedia Britannica. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9108764/Sir-Isaac-Newton
Books:
- E N da C Andrade, Isaac Newton (New York, N. Y., 1950, London, 1954).
- Z Bechler, Newton’s physics and the conceptual structure of the scientific revolution (Dordrecht, 1991).
- D Brewster, Memoirs of the Life, Writings, and Discoveries of Sir Isaac Newton (1855, reprinted 1965) (2 volumes).
- G Castelnuovo, Le origini del calcolo infinitesimale nell’era moderna, con scritti di Newton, Leibniz, Torricelli (Milan, 1962).
- S Chandrasekhar, Newton’s ‘Principia’ for the common reader (New York, 1995).
- G E Christianson, In the Presence of the Creator: Isaac Newton and His Times (1984).
- I B Cohen, Introduction to Newton’s ‘Principia’ (Cambridge, Mass., 1971).
- F Dessauer, Weltfahrt der Erkenntnis, Leben und Werk Isaac Newtons (Zürich, 1945).
- B J T Dobbs, and M C Jacob, Newton and the culture of Newtonianism. The Control of Nature(Atlantic Highlands, NJ, 1995).
- J Fauvel (ed.), Let Newton Be! (New York, 1988).
- J O Fleckenstein, Die hermetische Tradition in der Kosmologie Newtons. Newton and the Enlightenment, Vistas Astronom. 22 (4) (1978), 461-470 (1979).
- F de Gandt, Force and geometry in Newton’s ‘Principia’ (Princeton, NJ, 1995).
- D Gjertsen, The Newton Handbook (London, 1986).
- A R Hall, Isaac Newton, Adventurer in Thought (Oxford, 1992).
- J W Herivel, The background to Newton’s ‘Principia’ : A study of Newton’s dynamical researches in the years 1664-84 (Oxford, 1965).
- V Kartsev, Newton (Russian), The Lives of Remarkable People. Biography Series (Moscow, 1987).
- J E McGuire and M Tamny, Certain philosophical questions : Newton’s Trinity notebook(Cambridge-New York, 1983).
- D B Meli, Equivalence and priority : Newton versus Leibniz. Including Leibniz’s unpublished manuscripts on the ‘Principia’ (New York, 1993).
- F Rosenberger, Isaac Newton und seine Physikalischen Principien (Darmstadt, 1987).
- H W Turnbull, The Mathematical Discoveries of Newton (London, 1945).
- R S Westfall, Never at Rest: A Biography of Isaac Newton (1990).
- R S Westfall, The Life of Isaac Newton (Cambridge, 1993).
- H Wussing, Newton, in H Wussing and W Arnold, Biographien bedeutender Mathematiker (Berlin, 1983).
Articles:
- J Agassi, The ideological import of Newton, Vistas Astronom. 22 (4) (1978), 419-430.
- E J Aiton, The solution of the inverse-problem of central forces in Newton’s ‘Principia’, Arch. Internat. Hist. Sci. 38 (121) (1988), 271-276.
- E J Aiton, The contributions of Isaac Newton, Johann Bernoulli and Jakob Hermann to the inverse problem of central forces, in Der Ausbau des Calculus durch Leibniz und die Brüder Bernoulli(Wiesbaden, 1989), 48-58.
- E J Aiton, The contributions of Newton, Bernoulli and Euler to the theory of the tides, Ann. of Sci. 11(1956), 206-223.
- E N da C Andrade, Newton and the science of his age, Proc. Roy. Soc. London. Ser. A 181 (1943), 227-243.
- S Aoki, The moon-test in Newton’s ‘Principia’ : accuracy of inverse-square law of universal gravitation,Arch. Hist. Exact Sci. 44 (2) (1992), 147-190.
- V I Arnol’d, and V A Vasil’ev, Newton’s ‘Principia’ read 300 years later, Notices Amer. Math. Soc.36 (9) (1989), 1148-1154.
- R T W Arthur, Newton’s fluxions and equably flowing time, Stud. Hist. Philos. Sci. 26 (2) (1995), 323-351.
- K A Baird, Some influences upon the young Isaac Newton, Notes and Records Roy. Soc. London 41(2) (1987), 169-179.
- M Bartolozzi and R Franci, A fragment of the history of algebra : Newton’s rule on the number of imaginary roots in an algebraic equation (Italian), Rend. Accad. Naz. Sci. XL Mem. Sci. Fis. Natur.(5) 14 (2, II) (1990), 69-85.
- P K Basu, Newton’s physics in the context of his works on chemistry and alchemy, Indian J. Hist. Sci.26 (3) (1991), 283-305.
- Z Bechler, Newton’s ontology of the force of inertia, in The investigation of difficult things(Cambridge, 1992), 287-304.
- Z Bechler, Newton’s law of forces which are inversely as the mass : a suggested interpretation of his later efforts to normalise a mechanistic model of optical dispersion, Centaurus 18 (1973/74), 184-222.
- Z Bechler, ‘A less agreeable matter’ : the disagreeable case of Newton and achromatic refraction,British J. Hist. Sci. 8 (29) (1975), 101-126.
- Z Bechler, Newton’s search for a mechanistic model of colour dispersion : a suggested interpretation,Arch. History Exact Sci. 11 (1973/74), 1-37.
- E T Bell, Newton after three centuries, Amer. Math. Monthly 49 (1942), 553-575.
- D Bertoloni Meli, Public claims, private worries : Newton’s ‘Principia’ and Leibniz’s theory of planetary motion, Stud. Hist. Philos. Sci. 22 (3) (1991), 415-449.
- T R Bingham, Newton and the development of the calculus, Pi Mu Epsilon J. 5 (1971), 171-181.
- J Blaquier, Sir Isaac Newton : The man and the mathematician (Spanish), Anales Acad. Nac. Ci. Ex. Fis. Nat. Buenos Aires 12 (1947), 9-32.
- M Blay, Le traitement newtonien du mouvement des projectiles dans les milieux résistants, Rev. Histoire Sci. 40 (3-4) (1987), 325-355.
- M Blay, and G Barthélemy, Changements de repères chez Newton : le problème des deux corps dans les ‘Principia’, Arch. Internat. Hist. Sci. 34 (112) (1984), 68-98.
- C B Boyer, Newton as an originator of polar coördinates, Amer. Math. Monthly 56 (1949), 73-78.
- J B Brackenridge, The critical role of curvature in Newton’s developing dynamics, in The investigation of difficult things (Cambridge, 1992), 231-260.
- J B Brackenridge, Newton’s unpublished dynamical principles : a study in simplicity, Ann. of Sci. 47 (1) (1990), 3-31.
- J B Brackenridge, Newton’s mature dynamics and the ‘Principia’ : a simplified solution to the Kepler problem, Historia Math. 16 (1) (1989), 36-45.
- J B Brackenridge, Newton’s mature dynamics : revolutionary or reactionary?, Ann. of Sci. 45 (5) (1988), 451-476.
- W J Broad, Sir Isaac Newton : mad as a hatter, Science 213 (4514) (1981), 1341-1344.
- P Casini, Newton’s ‘Principia’ and the philosophers of the Enlightenment : Newton’s ‘Principia’ and its legacy, Notes and Records Roy. Soc. London 42 (1) (1988), 35-52.
- P Casini, Newton : the classical scholia, Hist. of Sci. 22 (55, 1) (1984), 1-58.
- M Cernohorsk’y, The rotation in Newton’s wording of his first law of motion, in Isaac Newton’s ‘Philosophiae naturalis principia mathematica’ (Singapore, 1988), 28-46.
- S Chandrasekhar, Newton and Michelangelo, Current Sci. 67 (7) (1994), 497-499.
- S Chandrasekhar, On reading Newton’s ‘Principia’ at age past eighty, Current Sci. 67 (7) (1994), 495-496.
- S Chandrasekhar, Shakespeare, Newton and Beethoven or patterns of creativity, Current Sci. 70 (9) (1996), 810-822.
- C A Chant, Isaac Newton : Born three hundred years ago, J. Roy. Astr. Soc. Canada 37 (1943), 1-16.
- C Christensen, Newton’s method for resolving affected equations, College Math. J. 27 (5) (1996), 330-340.
- I B Cohen, Notes on Newton in the art and architecture of the Enlightenment, Vistas Astronom. 22 (4) (1978), 523-537.
- I B Cohen, Newton’s ‘System of the world’ : some textual and bibliographical notes, Physis – Riv. Internaz. Storia Sci. 11 (1-4) (1969), 152-166.
- I B Cohen, Isaac Newton, the calculus of variations, and the design of ships, in For Dirk Struik(Dordrecht, 1974), 169-187.
- I B Cohen, Newton’s description of the reflecting telescope, Notes and Records Roy. Soc. London 47(1) (1993), 1-9.
- A Cook, Edmond Halley and Newton’s ‘Principia’, Notes and Records Roy. Soc. London 45 (2) (1991), 129-138.
- B P Copenhaver, Jewish theologies of space in the scientific revolution : Henry More, Joseph Raphson, Isaac Newton and their predecessors, Ann. of Sci. 37 (5) (1980), 489-548.
- P Costabel, Les ‘Principia’ de Newton et leurs colonnes d’Hercule, Rev. Histoire Sci. 40 (3-4) (1987), 251-271.
- G V Coyne, Newton’s controversy with Leibniz over the invention of the calculus, in Newton and the new direction in science (Vatican City, 1988), 109-115.
- J T Cushing, Kepler’s laws and universal gravitation in Newton’s ‘Principia’, Amer. J. Phys. 50 (7) (1982), 617-628.
- S D’Agostino, On the problem of the redundancy of absolute motion in Newton’s ‘Principia’, Physis – Riv. Internaz. Storia Sci. 25 (1) (1983), 167-169.
- S Débarbat, Newton, Halley et l’Observatoire de Paris, Rev. Histoire Sci. 39 (2) (1986), 127-154.
- E Dellian, Newton, die Trägheitskraft und die absolute Bewegung, Philos. Natur. 26 (2) (1989), 192-201.
- C Dilworth, Boyle, Hooke and Newton : some aspects of scientific collaboration, Rend. Accad. Naz. Sci. XL Mem. Sci. Fis. Natur. (5) 9 (1985), 329-331.
- R Dimitri’c, Sir Isaac Newton, Math. Intelligencer 13 (1) (1991), 61-65.
- B J T Dobbs, Newton as final cause and first mover, Isis 85 (4) (1994), 633-643.
- M J Duck, Newton and Goethe on colour : physical and physiological considerations, Ann. of Sci. 45(5) (1988), 507-519.
- R Duda, Newton and the mathematical concept of space, in Isaac Newton’s ‘Philosophiae naturalis principia mathematica’ (Singapore, 1988), 72-83.
- R Dugas, Le troisième centenaire de Newton, Revue Sci. 86 (1948), 111-114.
- S J Dundon, Newton’s ‘mathematical way’ in the ‘De mundi systemate’, Physis – Riv. Internaz. Storia Sci. 11 (1-4) (1969), 195-204.
- A W F Edwards, Is the frontispiece of ‘Gulliver’s travels’ a likeness of Newton?, Notes and Records Roy. Soc. London 50 (2) (1996), 191-194.
- S B Engelsman, Orthogonaltrajektorien im Prioritätsstreit zwischen Leibniz und Newton, in 300 Jahre ‘Nova methodus’ von G W Leibniz (1684-1984) (Wiesbaden, 1986), 144-156.
- H Erlichson, Huygens and Newton on the Problem of Circular Motion, Centaurus 37 (1994), 210-229.
- H Erlichson, The visualization of quadratures in the mystery of Corollary 3 to Proposition 41 of Newton’s ‘Principia’, Historia Math. 21 (2) (1994), 148-161.
- H Erlichson, Newton’s polygon model and the second order fallacy, Centaurus 35 (3-4) (1992), 243-258.
- H Erlichson, Newton and Hooke on centripetal force motion, Centaurus 35 (1) (1992), 46-63.
- H Erlichson, Newton’s first inverse solutions, Centaurus 34 (4) (1991), 345-366.
- H Erlichson, Newton’s solution to the equiangular spiral problem and a new solution using only the equiangular property, Historia Math. 19 (4) (1992), 402-413.
- H Erlichson, How Newton went from a mathematical model to a physical model for the problem of a first power resistive force, Centaurus 34 (3) (1991), 272-283.
- H Erlichson, Motive force and centripetal force in Newton’s mechanics, Amer. J. Phys. 59 (9) (1991), 842-849.
- H Erlichson, Newton’s 1679/80 solution of the constant gravity problem, Amer. J. Phys. 59 (8) (1991), 728-733.
- N Feather, Rutherford – Faraday – Newton, Notes and Records Roy. Soc. London 27 (1972), 45-55.
- M Feingold, Newton, Leibniz, and Barrow too : an attempt at a reinterpretation, Isis 84 (2) (1993), 310-338.
- M Fellgett, Some influences on the young Isaac Newton, Notes and Records Roy. Soc. London 42 (2) (1988), 243.
- E A Fellmann, Über eine Bemerkung von G. W. Leibniz zu einem Theorem in Newtons ‘Principia Mathematica’, Historia Math. 5 (3) (1978), 267-273.
- E A Fellmann, Newtons ‘Principia’, Jber. Deutsch. Math.-Verein. 77 (3) (1975/76), 107-137.
- A Ferguson, Newton and the ‘Principia’, Philos. Mag. (7) 33 (1942), 871-888.
- C Ferrini, On Newton’s demonstration of Kepler’s second law in Hegel’s ‘De orbitis planetarum’ (1801), Philos. Natur. 31 (1) (1994), 150-170.
- M Fierz and M Fierz, Zur Genauigkeit von Newtons Messung seiner Interferenzringe, Helv. Phys. Acta 67 (8) (1994), 923-929.
- K Figala, J Harrison and U Petzold, ‘De scriptoribus chemicis’ : sources for the establishment of Isaac Newton’s (al)chemical library, in The investigation of difficult things (Cambridge, 1992), 135-179.
- S R Filonovich, Experiment in I Newton’s ‘Principia’ (Russian), Voprosy Istor. Estestvoznan. i Tekhn.(4) (1987), 57-67.
- G Findlay Shirras, Newton, a study of a master mind, Arch. Internat. Hist. Sci. (N.S.) 4 (1951), 897-914.
- M A Finocchiaro, Newton’s third rule of philosophizing : a rule for logic in historiography, Isis 65(1974), 66-73.
- E G Forbes, Newton’s science and the Newtonian philosophy, Vistas Astronom. 22 (4) (1978), 413-418.
- A Franklin and C Howson, Newton and Kepler, a Bayesian approach, Stud. Hist. Philos. Sci. 16 (4) (1985), 379-385.
- H C Freiesleben, Newton’s quadrant for navigation, Vistas Astronom. 22 (4) (1978), 515-522.
- A Gabbey, Newton’s ‘Mathematical principles of natural philosophy’ : a treatise on ‘mechanics’?, in The investigation of difficult things (Cambridge, 1992), 305-322.
- M Gagnon, Les arguments de Newton concernant l’existence du mouvement, de l’espace et du temps absolus, Dialogue 25 (4) (1986), 629-662.
- M Galuzzi, Some considerations about motion in a resisting medium in Newton’s ‘Principia’, inConference on the History of Mathematics (Rende, 1991), 169-189.
- F de Gandt, Le style mathématique des ‘Principia’ de Newton, Études sur l’histoire du calcul infinitésimal, Rev. Histoire Sci. 39 (3) (1986), 195-222.
- F de Gandt, The mathematical style of Newton’s ‘Principia’, Mathesis. Mathesis 6 (2) (1990), 163-189.
- J Gani, Newton on ‘a question touching ye different odds upon certain given chances upon dice’, Math. Sci. 7 (1) (1982), 61-66.
- J Gascoigne, The universities and the scientific revolution : the case of Newton and Restoration Cambridge, Hist. of Sci. 23 (62, 4) (1985), 391-434.
- I A Gerasimov, Newton and celestial mechanics (Russian), Istor.-Astronom. Issled. 20 (1988), 39-55.
- E Giusti, A comparison of infinitesimal calculus in Leibniz and Newton (Italian), Rend. Sem. Mat. Univ. Politec. Torino 46 (1) (1988), 1-29.
- J L Greenberg, Isaac Newton and the problem of the Earth’s shape, Arch. Hist. Exact Sci. 49 (4) (1996), 371-391.
- J L Greenberg, Isaac Newton et la théorie de la figure de la Terre, Rev. Histoire Sci. 40 (3-4) (1987), 357-366.
- A T Grigor’yan, Isaac Newton’s work of genius (Russian), Studies in the history of physics and mechanics 1987 ‘Nauka’ (Moscow, 1987), 177-191; 245-246.
- A T Grigor’yan and B G Kuznetsov, On the 250th anniversary of the death of Newton (Russian),Organon 14 (1978), 263-274.
- U Grigull, Das Newtonsche Abkühlungsgesetz : Bemerkungen zu einer Arbeit von Isaac Newton aus dem Jahre 1701, Physis – Riv. Internaz. Storia Sci. 20 (1-4) (1978), 213-235.
- E Grosholz, Some uses of proportion in Newton’s ‘Principia’, Book I : a case study in applied mathematics, Stud. Hist. Philos. Sci. 18 (2) (1987), 209-220.
- H Guerlac, ‘Newton’s mathematical way’ : another look, British J. Hist. Sci. 17 (55, 1) (1984), 61-64.
- H Guerlac, Can we date Newton’s early optical experiments?, Isis 74 (271) (1983), 74-80.
- Z Hajduk, Isaac Newton’s philosophy of nature, in Isaac Newton’s ‘Philosophiae naturalis principia mathematica’ (Singapore, 1988), 96-112.
- A R Hall, Newton and the absolutes : sources, in The investigation of difficult things (Cambridge, 1992), 261-285.
- A R Hall, Beyond the fringe : diffraction as seen by Grimaldi, Fabri, Hooke and Newton, Notes and Records Roy. Soc. London 44 (1) (1990), 13-23.
- A R Hall, Further Newton correspondence, Notes and Records Roy. Soc. London 37 (1) (1982), 7-34.
- M B Hall, Newton and his theory of matter in the eighteenth century, Vistas Astronom. 22 (4) (1978), 453-459.
- A R Hall, Newton in France : a new view, Hist. of Sci. 13 (4) (1975), 233-250.
- A R Hall, Newton and his editors, Notes and Records Roy. Soc. London 29 (1974), 29-52.
- A R Hall, John Collins on Newton’s telescope, Notes and Records Roy. Soc. London 49 (1) (1995), 71-78.
- F Hammer, Newtons Bedeutung für den Dialog zwischen Naturwissenschaft und Theologie, Philos. Natur. 20 (1) (1983), 3-13.
- P M Harman, Newton to Maxwell : the ‘Principia’ and British physics. Newton’s ‘Principia’ and its legacy, Notes and Records Roy. Soc. London 42 (1) (1988), 75-96.
- J L Hawes, Newton’s revival of the aether hypothesis and the explanation of gravitational attraction,Notes and Records Roy. Soc. London 23 (1968), 200-212.
- S W Hawking, Newton’s ‘Principia’, in Three hundred years of gravitation (Cambridge, 1987), 1-4.
- A Hayli and Ph Kerspern, Le grand tournant de la pensée newtonienne de 1688-1690, Vistas Astronom. 22 (4) (1978), 511-514.
- J Hendry, Newton’s theory of colour, Centaurus 23 (3) (1979/80), 230-251.
- J W Herivel, Newtonian studies. III : The originals of the two propositions discovered by Newton in December 1679?, Arch. Internat. Histoire Sci. 14 (1961), 23-33.
- J W Herivel, Sur les premières recherches de Newton en dynamique, Rev. Histoire Sci. Appl. 15(1962), 105-140.
- J E Hofmann, Der junge Newton als Mathematiker (1665-1675), Math.-Phys. Semesterber. 2(1951), 45-70.
- S H Hollingdale, Towards the tercentenary of Newton’s ‘Principia’, Bull. Inst. Math. Appl. 18 (9-10) (1982), 178-183.
- S H Hollingdale, On reading Newton’s ‘Opticks’, Bull. Inst. Math. Appl. 17 (1) (1981), 2-6.
- S H Hollingdale, The apotheosis of Isaac Newton, Bull. Inst. Math. Appl. 14 (8-9) (1978), 194-195.
- M A Hoskin, Newton and Lambert, Vistas Astronom. 22 (4) (1978), 483-484.
- M Hoskin, Newton and the beginnings of stellar astronomy, in Newton and the new direction in science (Vatican City, 1988), 55-63.
- R C Hovis, What can the history of mathematics learn from philosophy? A case study in Newton’s presentation of the calculus, Philos. Math. (2) 4 (1) (1989), 35-57.
- M Hughes, Newton, Hermes and Berkeley, British J. Philos. Sci. 43 (1) (1992), 1-19.
- D W Hutchings, Isaac Newton, 1642-1727, in Late seventeenth century scientists (Oxford, 1969), 158-183.
- M de Icaza Herrera, Galileo, Bernoulli, Leibniz and Newton around the brachistochrone problem, Rev. Mexicana Fis. 40 (3) (1994), 459-475.
- T Ishigaki, Newton’s ‘Principia’ from a logical point of view, Ann. Japan Assoc. Philos. Sci. 8 (4) (1994), 221-236.
- A Yu Ishlinskii, Inertia forces in Newton’s world (Russian), Priroda (3) (1989), 66-74.
- A Jacob, The metaphysical systems of Henry More and Isaac Newton, Philos. Natur. 29 (1) (1992), 69-93.
- W B Joyce and A Joyce, Descartes, Newton, and Snell’s law, J. Opt. Soc. Amer. 66 (1) (1976), 1-8.
- R Kargon, Newton, Barrow and the hypothetical physics, Centaurus 11 (1) (1965/66), 46-56.
- P Kerszberg, The cosmological question in Newton’s science, Osiris (2) 2 (1986), 69-106.
- M Keynes, The personality of Isaac Newton, Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London 49(1995), 1-56.
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